Shortest Paths Routing Problem in MANETs

The need for communication services is rapidly increasing, because the mobile communication service is synonymous with an ideal communication style realizing communication anytime, anywhere and with anyone. The availability of a path depends on the number of links and the reliability of each link forming the path. Many routing metrics in terms of number of links have been proposed, such as the shortest path routing. Shortest path routing selects a path having minimum cost to forward the data to the destination node. Shortest path routing algorithm selection depends on direct traffic form source to destination, maximizing the network performance and minimizing the cost. Performance of the network can be enhanced through shortest path routing but it also depends upon the functionality of the routing protocol and the parameters that are selected for the shortest path routing. The primary goal of such an adhoc network routing protocol is correct and efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of cost, overhead and bandwidth consumption. Some of researchers explored the concept of shortest path routing over ad hoc network. Each one uses his own parameters with different topology. No one uses all parameters. In this paper, we will discuss the solutions ideas that have been proposed by them

Entrained defects and mechanical properties of aluminium castings

The presence of entrained double oxide films, known as bifilms, has been identified as a contributing factor to the variability in mechanical properties observed in aluminium castings. These bifilms consist of folded-over oxide films containing gas-filled crevices and are formed due to turbulence on the liquid metal's surface during handling and pouring. Additionally, it has been suggested that hydrogen dissolved in the aluminium melt can permeate these defects, causing them to expand and leading to the formation of hydrogen porosity. This, in turn, exacerbates the detrimental effects on the mechanical properties of the castings. In this study, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and percentage elongation of sand cast bars were compared under various casting conditions. These parameters were chosen as indicators of casting reliability, which was expected to be influenced by the presence of oxide films. The results indicated that incorporating filters in the gating system and reducing the runner height led to a noticeable improvement in tensile strength and elongation. This improvement was attributed to enhanced mold filling conditions, which reduced the likelihood of oxide film entrainment. The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the factors that affect the properties of light metal alloy castings. By understanding these influences, it becomes possible to develop improved practices that result in healthier castings with enhanced mechanical properties

Influence of bifilm defects generated during mould filling on the tensile properties of Al–Si–Mg cast alloys

Entrapped double oxide film defects are known to be the most detrimental defects during the casting of aluminium alloys. In addition, hydrogen dissolved in the aluminium melt was suggested to pass into the defects to expand them and cause hydrogen porosity. In this work, the effect of two important casting parameters (the filtration and hydrogen content) on the properties of Al–7 Si–0.3 Mg alloy castings was studied using a full factorial design of experiments approach. Casting properties such as the Weibull modulus and position parameter of the elongation and the tensile strength were considered as response parameters. The results suggested that adopting 10 PPI filters in the gating system resulted in a considerable boost of the Weibull moduli of the tensile strength and elongation due to the enhanced mould filling conditions that minimised the possibility of oxide film entrainment. In addition, the results showed that reducing the hydrogen content in the castings samples from 0.257 to 0.132 cm3/100 g Al was associated with a noticeable decrease in the size of bifilm defects with a corresponding improvement in the mechanical properties. Such significant effect of the process parameters studied on the casting properties suggests that the more careful and quiescent mould filling practice and the lower the hydrogen level of the casting, the higher the quality and reliability of the castings produced

Effect of runner thickness and hydrogen content on the mechanical properties of A356 alloy castings

Earlier studies demonstrated the detrimental effect of entrained bifilm defects on aluminum cast alloys’ tensile and fatigue properties. It was suggested that hydrogen has a contributing role as it diffuses into the bifilms and swells them out to form hydrogen porosity. In this study, the effect of the runner height and hydrogen content on the properties of A356 alloy castings was investigated using a two-level full factorial design of experiments. Four responses, the Weibull modulus and position parameter of both the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and % elongation, were assessed. The results suggested that decreasing the runner height and adopting procedures intended to decrease the hydrogen content of the casting caused a considerable enhancement of the Weibull moduli and position parameters of the UTS and % elongation. This was reasoned to the more quiescent practice during mold filling, eliminating the possibility of bifilm formation as well as the decreased hydrogen level that eliminated the amount of hydrogen diffused into the bifilms and accordingly decreased the size of the entrained defects. This, in turn, would allow the production of A356 cast alloys with better and more reproducible properties

A mechanical behavior law for the numerical simulation of the mushy zone in welding

The aim of this work is to propose a mechanical behavior law dedicated to the mushy zone located between the solid phase and the weld pool in welding. The objective is to take into account of the influence of the mushy zone in the simulation of welding in order to improve the computation of induced effects such as residual stresses